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A patent is a legal right granted by the U.S. government that gives you the exclusive right to make, use, sell, and license your invention for a set period—typically 20 years from the filing date for utility patents. It protects your invention from being copied or used by others without your permission.

• Patents protect inventions. • Trademarks protect brand names, logos, and slogans. • Copyrights protect original works like books, music, and software code. Each serves a different business purpose, and many companies use all three.

On average, it can take 1 to 3 years or more, depending on the complexity of your invention and the current backlog at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Some applications may qualify for expedited examination programs.

It varies widely. For a utility patent, expect to pay between $9,000 and $15,000+, depending on complexity for the filing. Design patents are often less expensive, and typically might be about $3,500 for filing. Provisional patent application typically might be about $2500-$3500 for filing. Keep in mind that about 90% of utility applications will get some type of rejection and responding to rejections take time (and money). Design patents and provisional patents typically do not get rejections as often. In addition, once your patent issues, you may have to pay maintenance fees.

There are three main types: • Utility patents – For new and useful processes, machines, or compositions of matter. • Design patents – For new, original ornamental designs of manufactured items. • Plant patents (very rare) – For new, asexually reproduced plant varieties.

A patentability search identifies existing patents and publications that are similar to your invention. While not required, it’s highly recommended before filing. It helps assess your chances of success and refine your application.

No. You don’t need a working prototype to file a patent application. However, you must be able to describe how to make and use the invention in enough detail that someone skilled in the field could reproduce it.

You can, but it’s risky. In the U.S., you have a one-year grace period from the date of public disclosure to file a patent application. However, many foreign countries do not allow any prior public disclosure, which can ruin your international rights. When in doubt—talk to a patent attorney first.

• Waiting too long to file (losing rights). • Publicly disclosing the invention too early. • Filing without a clear business strategy. • Using DIY patent tools that result in weak protection. Talking to a patent attorney early can help avoid costly mistakes.

After filing, your application is assigned to an examiner at the USPTO. They will review it, usually within 12–18 months, and issue an Office Action. This is a back-and-forth process where we respond to any rejections or objections until the patent is granted or finally denied.

• A provisional application is a lower-cost, informal way to establish an early filing date. It lasts 12 months and cannot become a patent on its own. • A non-provisional application is the formal filing that gets examined by the USPTO and can result in an issued patent.

No. U.S. patents only protect your invention within the United States. However, you can file for international protection through treaties like the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) or file directly in individual countries.

Absolutely. A patent is an intellectual property asset, just like real estate or a trademark. You can sell it, license it to others, or use it as leverage in partnerships, acquisitions, or funding negotiations.

An invention is non-obvious if it wouldn’t be an obvious variation or combination of existing technologies to someone skilled in the field. This is one of the trickiest hurdles in patent law and often the basis for rejection by the USPTO.

There are different approaches attorneys have regarding whether someone should file a provisional patent application. If costs and timing are not an issue, then you probably should skip filing a provisional patent application file a non-provisional first. For some people, while not ideal, but due to costs and timing filing a a provisional application is better than nothing, and it gives you 12 months of “patent pending” status while preserving your filing date. There are risks in filing a provisional, the main one is that assuming you are fully protected with an early filing date, but the early filing date is only effective if you disclosed everything of importance in your provisional patent application. If your provisional patent application is drafted without enough detail, then you may be doing more harm than good with your provisional patent application.

Yes. Improvements can be patented if they are new, useful, and non-obvious—even if the original product is already patented by someone else. But be careful: using someone else’s patented product to implement your improvement could still infringe their rights.

If someone infringes your patent, you can send a cease-and-desist letter, negotiate a license, or file a lawsuit in federal court. The USPTO grants patents—it doesn’t enforce them. That’s where legal strategy and representation come in.

As early as possible. Ideally, before you publicly disclose, sell, or launch your invention. Early guidance helps avoid costly mistakes and ensures you protect your rights before it’s too late.

You may still be able to patent your invention if it’s novel and non-obvious over the prior art. We highly recommend conducting a patent search and analysis to evaluate your chances before filing.

Yes, but it’s complex. Software must meet specific criteria for patent eligibility, especially under current interpretations of Section 101 of the Patent Act. We can help assess whether your software-based invention meets those requirements.

A trademark is a word, phrase, logo, symbol, or design that identifies and distinguishes your brand from others. It protects your business identity in the marketplace and helps consumers recognize your products or services.

• ™ means you are claiming rights to a mark, even if it’s not federally registered. • ® means the trademark is officially registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). You can only use ® once registration is approved.

Technically, no—you gain common law rights just by using your mark in commerce. But federal registration gives you stronger, nationwide rights, legal presumptions, and tools to enforce your brand.

You can trademark names, logos, slogans, sounds, colors, and even product packaging—anything that serves as a source identifier for your goods or services.

On average, it takes 10–18 months to complete the process, but it can take longer if there are office actions or oppositions. You can use ™ immediately, and your application filing date is protected from the moment it’s submitted.

You can’t registration a trademark for: • Generic or descriptive terms (e.g., “Fresh Apples” for apples) • Government symbols • Offensive or deceptive marks • Names or likenesses without consent • Something too similar to an existing trademark

The USPTO will issue an Office Action explaining the refusal. We can respond with legal arguments or evidence to overcome it. Many applications are approved after an attorney files a strong response.

A trademark can last forever—as long as you continue to use it in commerce and file the required maintenance documents. The first renewal is due between the 5th and 6th year after registration.

Government filing fees start at $350-$550 per class, and attorney fees vary based on complexity. We offer flat-fee packages for transparency and peace of mind. Typically a simple application, trademark professional fees starts at about $1050 (plus government fees). If there are refusals, it will cost to respond, and there are renewal fees at various times after your trademark issues.

USPTO divides goods and services into 45 different classes. Each class generally represents a different industry category (e.g., clothing, software, food). You must file in each class that applies to your business if you want to have the benefit of registration protection in a particular class.

A clearance search checks to see if your desired name or logo is already in use or registered. It reduces the risk of rejection and legal disputes. We highly recommend it before filing

Your business name (registered with your state) allows you to operate legally. A trademark protects your brand identity across your industry and gives you legal rights against copycats.

Yes, if you want to enroll in programs like Amazon Brand Registry or Shopify’s IP protections. These platforms often require a registered trademark to access brand protection tools.

Yes—if it functions as a brand identifier and not just a keyword. It must be unique and tied to your goods or services.

Possibly—if they operate in entirely different industries and there’s no likelihood of confusion. For example, “Delta” is a trademark for both airlines and faucets.

While you can file on your own, a trademark attorney helps avoid costly mistakes, increases your chances of success, and ensures your rights are properly protected from the start.

• State trademarks protect your brand only in that state. • Federal registration (with the USPTO) gives you nationwide rights and stronger legal tools for enforcement. In almost all situations, you should file for federal trademark situation instead of state registration.

Infringement occurs when someone uses a mark that is confusingly similar to yours, in a way that could mislead consumers. If you own a registered trademark, you can take legal action to stop it.

Sometimes. If your name has acquired distinctiveness or is used commercially (like a celebrity or brand), it may qualify. Generic uses of common names usually don’t qualify without proof of secondary meaning.

Contact a trademark attorney immediately. You may be able to send a cease-and-desist letter, file a USPTO opposition, or pursue legal action in court. The sooner you act, the better.